tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25488741413019424092024-03-13T00:22:35.976-07:00Chemistry WorksSilviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.comBlogger301125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-43032353905431939342020-09-30T15:43:00.000-07:002020-09-30T15:43:02.503-07:00Properties Of Boric Acid<p> Boric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium metaborate and sodium tetraborate. </p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>BO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>NaOH<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>NaBO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> 4H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>BO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2NaOH<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>7<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> +<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>7H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>0</b></span></p><p><b>Action Of Heat:</b></p><p> Boric acid heated above 170 degree Celsius to gives metaboric acid.</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> 4H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>BO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> ———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4HBO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>0</b></span></p><p> Boric acid heated above 300 degree Celsius to gives tetraboric acid.</p><p><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b> 4HBO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>7</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>O</b></span></p><p> Tetraboric acid heated above 330 degree celsius to gives boron trioxide.</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>7</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span></p><p><b>Action Of Ethyl Alcohol:</b></p><p> Boric acid reacts with ethyl alcohol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid to form triethylborate. The ethyl borate burns with green edged flame.</p><p><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b> 4H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>BO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3C2H5OH <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>B(OC2H5)3<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3H2O</b></span></p><p><b>Action Of Calcium Fluoride:</b></p><p> Boric acid reacts with calcium fluoride in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid to gives boron trifluoride.</p><p><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b> 2H3BO3<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3CaF</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>SO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2BF</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3CaSO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>O</b></span></p>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-37310238576354166432020-09-29T13:32:00.000-07:002020-09-29T13:32:37.586-07:00Preparation Of Boric Acid <p> Boric Acid:</p><p> A mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid reacts with borax to form boric acid.</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>7</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>SO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O ———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>So</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>BO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span></p><p><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>( Sodium sulfate )<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>( Boric acid ) </b></p><p>Boric acid can be extracted from colemanite. </p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>Ca</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>6</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>11</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>11H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>SO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ca(HSO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>)</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>BO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span></p>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-999106314452917022020-09-22T17:32:00.002-07:002020-09-22T17:32:26.181-07:00Uses Of Boric Acid<p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Boric acid is used in the manufacture of pottery glaze glass, enamels and pigments.</li><li>Boric acid is used as an antiseptic, insecticide and flame retardants.</li><li>Boric acid is used as a food preservatives.</li><li>Boric acid is used in the production of LCD flat panel display.</li><li>Boric acid is used to prevent existing wet and rot in timber etc....</li></ul><p></p>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-37047429988906993792020-09-10T16:58:00.005-07:002020-09-10T16:58:45.725-07:00Uses Of Borax<p><b><i> Borax Uses:</i></b></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Borax is used fir the identification of colored metal ions.</li><li>Peroxoborate present in washing powder. It's a cleaning and bleaching agent.</li><li>Borax is a flux for soldering. And also acts as a good preservative.</li><li>In the manufacture optical and borosilicate glass, enamels and glazes for pottery.</li><li>Borax is used as fungicide, fire retardant and in softening water.</li><li>Borax is used for stiffening agent for candle wicks. </li><li>Borax is used as antiseptic soaps.</li></ul><p></p>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-64424981876657900782020-09-10T16:52:00.004-07:002020-09-10T16:59:53.600-07:00Properties Of Borax<p><b>Properties Of Borax:</b></p><p></p><ul><li>Borax is a white crystalline solid, less soluble in water but more soluble in hot water.</li><li>Borax dissolved in hot water to gives the alkaline solution of boric acid and sodium hydroxide.</li></ul><ul><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>7</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>7H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>BO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2NaOH</b></span></p><li>On heating, borax loses its water of crystallization and swells up to form a puff mass. On further heating, it melts into a clear liquid which solidified to a transparent glass like bead. Which consist of sodium metaborate and boric anhydride. This glass bead is commonly called as borax bead.<b style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 14px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 14px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b><i style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 14px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>7</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>.10H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>0 ———> Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>7</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> ———> 2Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>BO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> + B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span></p></li></ul><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Borax beads are used in laboratory to identify some metals in salts, through borax beads test. Nickel salts give brown colored bead. Cobalt slats give blue colored bead. White chromium salt gives green bead in flame.</li><li>Borax reacts with acids like sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid to form sparingly soluble boric acid.</li></ul><div><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b> Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>7</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b> + 2HCl + 7H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>O<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———> 4H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>BO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2NaCl</b></span></div></div><div><p class="p2" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 17px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>7</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>SO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>BO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>SO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span></p></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Borax reacts with Ammonium Chloride to form boron nitride.</li></ul><div><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>7</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2NH</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>Cl<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2NaCl<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2BN<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span></p></div></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Borax heated with ethyl alcohol and concentrated sulphuric acid, to forms vapors of triethylborane. When ignited these vapor burn with green edged flame.</li></ul><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>7</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>SO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O ———> Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>SO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>BO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 17px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>BO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3C</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>5</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>OH<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>B(OC</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>5</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>)</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span></p></div>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-82167654576795061852020-09-10T16:37:00.005-07:002020-09-10T16:37:33.218-07:00Borax Preparation<p><b> Borax [</b><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>7</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>.10H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>O]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b></span> </p><p> Borax is a sodium salt of tetraboric acid. Fine powdered colemanite ( <span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>Ca</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>6</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>11</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b> </b></span>). Is boiled with sodium carbonate ( washing soda ) solution. The insoluble calcium carbonate is filtered off ( <span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>CaCO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span> ). Then it is concentrated and cooled to get the crystals of borax. The sodium metaborate is treated with <span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>CO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span> gas which converts into borax.</p><p><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>Ca</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>6</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>11</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>CO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>7</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b> + 2NaBO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b> + 2CaCO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Colemanite <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Borax <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sodium <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>calcium</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>metaborate<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>carbonate</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>2NaBO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>CO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>7</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>CO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span></p><div></div><p></p>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-62382904714306051252020-09-09T12:45:00.002-07:002020-09-09T12:45:28.358-07:00Uses Of Boron<p><i> Boron Uses:</i></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The compound of boron are boric acid, borax and boric oxide. These can be found in eye drops, mild antiseptics, washing powders and title glazes. Borax used to make bleach and food preservative.</li><li>Amorphous boron is used as a rocket fuel igniter.</li><li>In the manufacture of pyrex glass, boric acid is used</li><li>Sodium octaborate is a flame retardant.</li><li>Boron is essential for the cell walls of plants.</li><li>Boron has the capacity to absorb neutrons. This means the isotope of Boron-10 used to regulate nuclear reactors.</li></ul><p></p>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-46939263734870753242020-09-09T12:32:00.003-07:002020-09-09T12:32:48.311-07:00Chemical Properties Of Boron<p> The impure amorphous product a brownish black powder, was the only form of boron known for more than a century. Many of its compounds are electron deficient and has unusual type of covalent bonding which is due to its small size, high ionization energy and similarity in electronegativity with carbon and hydrogen. Pure crystalline boron may be prepared by reduction of its bromide or chloride with hydrogen on an electrically heated tantalum filament.</p><p><b><i>Boron Trihalides:</i></b></p><p> Boron reacts with halogen elements to form highly reactive trihalides. Boron trihalides and trimethylamine reacted to form complex. </p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> BCl</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>N(CH</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>)</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(CH</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>)</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>N.BCl</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span></p><p><b><i>Formation Of Hydrides:</i></b></p><p> With hydrogen boron forms a series of compounds called boranes. The simplest borane is Diborane ( <span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b>H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px;"><b><sub>6</sub></b></span> ). Boron trifluoride react with sodium hydride around 450K ( Heat ) to form diborane.</p><p><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b> 2BF</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6NaH<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>6</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6NaF</b></span></p><p><b><i>Formation Of Boron Oxides:</i></b></p><p> Boron reacts with oxygen around 900K ( heat ) to form its oxide. </p><p><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b> 4B<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span></p><p><b><i>Reaction With Acid And Alkali:</i></b></p><p> Boron is most easily converted into boric acid by treatment with acids like sulphuric acid and nitric acid.</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> 2B<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>SO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>BO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3SO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 17px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> B<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3HNO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>BO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3NO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span></p><p>Boron reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium borate.</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> 2B<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6NaOH<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>BO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span></p><p><br /></p><p> </p>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-31189336312353481712020-09-03T15:50:00.001-07:002020-09-03T15:50:11.805-07:00Boron Group Elements ( Group- 13 ) <p> <b>Boron Family:</b></p><p> The group 13, boron group consist of six elements. The elements are Boron ( B ), Aluminum ( Al ), Gallium ( Ga ), Indium ( In ), Thallium ( Tl ). The common property of the group is that each one of the elements has three electrons in the outer shell of their nuclear structure. Boron is the lightest element in this group. Relatively rare element. Boron is a metalloid.</p><p><b>Occurrence Of Boron Family:</b></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Boron is a very low in abundance, composing only 0.0001% of the earth's crust.</li><li>Aluminium is the most abundant metal and occurs as oxides and also found in Aluminium silicate rocks. It composes about 8.3% of the earth crust.</li><li>Gallium is relatively rare element in the earth's crust. Gallium find in the earth with a wealth of 13 parts per molecule.</li><li>Indium is the 61st richest element in the world's covering.</li><li>Thallium is found in small amounts all over the planet. Thallium is extremely toxic and has no commercial use. The elements Ga, In, and Tl occurs as their sulphides.</li></ul><p></p>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-75115614251634811782020-08-27T14:51:00.001-07:002020-08-27T14:51:11.405-07:00Allotropy<p> Some chemical elements exist in two or more different forms in the same physical state known as Allotropes of elements. In greek "allos" means another and trope means change. </p><p>For example: Carbon exists as diamond and graphite. This phenomenon is called allotropism and the different forms of elements are called allotropes.</p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Allotropes of some elements:</span></b></p><p><b><i>Non-metals:</i></b></p><p>Carbon -- Diamond, Graphite, Amorphous carbon, Fullerenes, Graphene, Carbon nanotubes.</p><p>Oxygen -- Dioxygen, Ozone, Octaoxygen.</p><p>Selenium -- Red selenium, Gray selenium, Black selenium, Monoclinic selenium.</p><p>Phosphorus -- White phosphorus, Red phosphorus, Violet phosphorus, Black phosphorus, Scarlet phosphorus.</p><p>Sulphur -- Rhombus sulphur, Monoclinic sulphur.</p><p><br /></p><p><b><i>Metalloids :</i></b></p><p>Tellurium -- Amorphous tellurium, Crystalline tellurium.</p><p>Boron. -- Amorphous boron, ⍺ - rhombohedral boron, β - rhombohedral boron, 𝛾 - orthorhombic boron, ⍺ - tetragonal boron, β -tetragonal boron.</p><p>Germanium -- ⍺ - germanium, β - germanium.</p><p>Arsenic -- Yellow arsenic, Gray arsenic, Black arsenic.</p><p>Antimony -- Yellow antimony, Black antimony, Blue-White antomony.</p><p>Silicon. -- Amorphous silicon, Crystalline silicon.</p><p><br /></p><p><b><i>Metals:</i></b></p><p>Tin -- Gray tin, White tin, Rhombic tin, Sigma tin.</p><p>Iron -- Ferrite, Austenite.</p><p>cobalt -- ⍺ - cobalt, β - cobalt. </p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i></i></b></span><br /></p><p> </p>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-15597037843203078282020-08-26T15:30:00.003-07:002020-08-26T15:32:54.518-07:00Reduction Of Metal Oxides<p> Extraction of metals from their respective ores. In this method we can get metal oxides again we adding some reducing agent and heated up. It will give pure metals.</p><p><b><i>Smelting:</i></b></p><p><b style="font-style: italic;"> </b> Smelting is a process of reduction of metal oxide to metal by carbon, carbon monoxide, or aluminum. In this metal oxide is heated above the melting point of the metal.</p><p><i>Example: </i></p><p>Oxide of ion can be reduced by carbon monoxide.</p><p><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 13px;"><b><i>Fe</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 13px;"><b><i>O</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>3<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 13px;"><b><i> +<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3CO<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2Fe <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+ <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3CO</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span> </p><p> Limestone ( CaO ) is a basic flux. Silica gangue present in the ore in its acidic nature. The limestone combines with silica gangue to form calcium silicate( slag ). </p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>CaO<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>SiO</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>CaSiO</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>3</sub></i></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i>(Flux) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>( Gangue)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Slag)</i></b></span></p><p> The concentrated ore ( copper pyrite ) heated in a reverberatory furnace. It will form metal sulphides FeS and <span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;">Cu</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;">S</span>. Both are soluble and form a copper matte.</p><p><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 13px;"><b><i>2CuFeS</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 13px;"><b><i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>O</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 13px;"><b><i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2FeS<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2Cu</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 13px;"><b><i>S<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2SO</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span></p><p>FeS oxidized to FeO.</p><p><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 13px;"><b><i>FeS<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>O<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>FeO <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+ <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>SO</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span></p><p>Now the ferrous oxide ( flux ) reacted with the silica ( gangue ) to form ferrous silicate ( slag ).</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>FeO <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+ <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>SiO</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>FeSiO</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>3</sub></i></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Flux)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Gangue)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Slag)</i></b></span></p><p>The remaining copper sulphide is further oxidised to its oxide to form the metallic copper.</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i>Cu</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i>S<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3O</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2Cu</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i>S<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2SO</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i></i></b></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i>2Cu</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i>O<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cu</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i>S<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6Cu<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>SO</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span></p><p>This metallic copper has blistered appearance due to the evolution of <span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;">SO</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> gas. This copper is called <i>Blistered copper.</i></p><p><b><i>Reduction By Carbon:</i></b></p><p><b> </b>In this method oxide ( ZnO ) ore is mixed with coal ( Coke ) and heated strongly in a furnace. This process only applied to the metal which do not form carbides with carbon. </p><p><i>Examples :</i></p><p><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px;"><i>ZnO<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>C<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Zn<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>CO</i></b></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i>Mn</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>3</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i>O4<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4C<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3Mn<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4CO</i></b></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i></i></b></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i>Cr</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i>O3<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3C<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2Cr<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3CO</i></b></span></p><p><b><i>Reduction Of hydrogen;</i></b></p><p> This process only applied to the metal which have less electro -positive character than hydrogen.</p><p><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 13px;"><b><i>Ag</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 13px;"><b><i>O<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>H</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 13px;"><b><i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2Ag<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>H</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 13px;"><b><i>O</i></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i>Fe</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i>O4<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4H</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3Fe<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4H</i></b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 8.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><i><sub>2</sub></i></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i>O</i></b></span></p><p><b><i>Reduction By Metal:</i></b></p><p><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>B</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6Na<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2B<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 14px;"><b>O</b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>Rb</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O3<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3Mg<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2Rb<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3MgO</b></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 17px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>TiO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 9.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2Mg<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ti<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2MgO</b></span></p><p>In this process metal oxides reduced by metal.</p><p><br /></p>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-49801848913204232092020-08-26T14:11:00.001-07:002020-08-26T14:11:46.384-07:00Conversion Of Ores Into Oxides <p> Oxygen is more electronegative than other elements. So it is easier for oxides to accept an electron pair and get reduced.</p><p><i><b>Calcination :</b></i></p><p> Calcination is the process of heating a substance in a limited supply of air or oxygen. During this process the water of crystallization present in the hydrated oxide escapes as moisture. Due to the thermal energy (Heat) we can change their chemical state and turn them into oxides. The hydroxides and carbonates are usually converted to oxides through this process. </p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>Fe</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>.3H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Fe</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 21px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>CaCO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>CaO<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>CO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 21px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>PbCO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>PbO<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>CO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 21px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>ZnCO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>ZnO<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>CO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 21px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>MgCO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>.CaCO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>MgO<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>CaO<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2CO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 21px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>Al</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>.2H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Al</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> +<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span></p><p><b><i>Roasting :</i></b></p><p> Roasting is the method of heating sulphide ore to a high temperature in the presence of air. In this method the concentrated ore is oxidized by heating it with excess of oxygen in a suitable furnace with in the melting point of the metal. the oxygen in the air reacts with the sulphide ores to give us oxide.</p><p><i>Example ;</i></p><p><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 18px;"><b>2Zns<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2ZnO<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2SO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>2Cu</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>S<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2 </sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2Cu</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2SO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> </b></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>2PbS<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2PbO<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2SO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span></p><p> Roasting also removes impurities such as arsenic, sulphur, phosphorus by converting them into their volatile oxides.</p><p><i>Examples :</i></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>4As<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2As</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>S</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>8<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> +<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>8O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>8SO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>P</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>———><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>P</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>4</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>10</sub></b></span></p>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-15437394297627672692020-08-26T13:53:00.004-07:002020-08-26T13:53:41.362-07:00Extraction of Metals<p> The concentrated ores are still in their original oxides, sulphide or halides forms. To obtain pure metals from these chemicals, it is better convert the metal compounds into oxides. Oxides of metals can be reduced easily and pure metal can be obtained. Therefore the two main steps of extraction of metals are,</p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Conversion of ores into oxides</li><li>Reduction of metal oxides</li></ol><i><b>Conversion of ores into oxides:</b></i><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Roasting </li><li>Calcination </li></ul><div><i><b>Reduction of metal oxides:</b></i></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Smelting</li><li>Reduction by carbon</li><li>Reduction by hydrogen</li><li>Reduction by metal</li></ul></div><p></p>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-31026520181656866832020-08-14T15:39:00.002-07:002020-08-26T15:34:31.148-07:00Metals and their ores and chemical formula<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw7gNvJN6lp01QDfY1tNsHWkWSdeCqtugck9J7T96oufIBRH8ZTtb9xydapFJB4E3ynjbKNBqMofKz7VdcWfCUJSDBx35NJUrG11LkqDTmqRkMdaEmiBEeRn-tczN0CYh5XYsmt66x8fg6/s2048/metals+and+formula.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1664" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw7gNvJN6lp01QDfY1tNsHWkWSdeCqtugck9J7T96oufIBRH8ZTtb9xydapFJB4E3ynjbKNBqMofKz7VdcWfCUJSDBx35NJUrG11LkqDTmqRkMdaEmiBEeRn-tczN0CYh5XYsmt66x8fg6/s640/metals+and+formula.jpg" /></a></div> <p></p>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-28431963323675859012020-08-14T15:36:00.003-07:002020-08-26T15:33:49.519-07:00Minerals and Ores<p><b> Minerals:</b></p><p> A mineral is a solid chemical compound that occurs naturally in pure form. Which contains the metal in free state or in the form of compounds like oxides, sulphides, halides, carbonates......etc.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Ores :</b></p><p> Ores are mineral from which metal are extracted conveniently and profitably. these ores contains good percentage of metal. hence all ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores.</p>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-65368505042324290072020-08-13T16:18:00.000-07:002020-08-13T16:18:02.417-07:00General characteristics of p-block elements<p><b> General characteristics:</b></p><p><i>* Electronic configuration:</i></p><p> The general electronic configuration of p-block elements is <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none;">ns</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>2</sup></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none;"> np</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>1-6</sup></span></span> . The general electronic configuration of helium is<span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none;">1s</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>2</sup></span> </span>.</p><p> Group 13 <span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none;">ns</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>2 </sup></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none;">np</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>1</sup></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"> </span> </span> </p><p> Group 14 <span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none;">ns</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>2</sup></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none;"> np</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>2</sup></span> </span> </p><p> Group 15 <span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none;">ns</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>2</sup></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none;"> np</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>3</sup></span> </span> </p><p> Group 16 <span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none;">ns</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>2</sup></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none;"> np</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>4</sup></span> </span> </p><p> Group 17 <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none;">ns</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>2</sup></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none;"> np</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>5</sup></span> </span> </p><p> Group 18 <span style="font-size: small;"> <span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none;">ns</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>2</sup></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none;"> np</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>6 <span style="font-size: small;">( except helium )</span></sup></span></span></p><p><i>* Metallic character :</i></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The non-metallic character of elements decreases down the group.</li><li>In general nonmetals have higher ionisation energy and higher electronegativity than metal.</li><li>Most of them form covalent compounds.</li><li>Most of the elements show negative ( except some metals ) as well as positive oxidation states ( except fluorine ).</li></ul><p></p>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-39966110386634590082020-08-06T15:56:00.005-07:002020-08-06T16:03:49.824-07:00Dancing naphthalene ball<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Xptv2pS6zms" width="320" youtube-src-id="Xptv2pS6zms"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">This video describes naphthalene balls dancing.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">You will need,</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Citric juice ( lemon juice )</li><li>Baking soda</li><li>Water </li><li>Beaker</li><li>Naphthalene balls</li></ul><div><b>Reaction:</b></div><div> Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate ) reacts with lemon juice ( citric acid ) chemical reaction takes place, carbon dioxide gas evolved. The carbon dioxide gas form on the surface of a naphthalene ball, it rises to the surface. This will provide the dancing effect.</div><div><span class="s1" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 18px; text-align: center;"><b> </b></span></div><div><span class="s1" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 18px; text-align: center;"><b> 3NaHCO</b></span><span class="s2" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><sub>3 </sub></b></span><span class="s1" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 18px; text-align: center;"><b>+ C</b></span><span class="s2" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><sub>6</sub></b></span><span class="s1" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 18px; text-align: center;"><b>H</b></span><span class="s2" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><sub>8</sub></b></span><span class="s1" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 18px; text-align: center;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><sub>7</sub></b></span><span class="s1" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 18px; text-align: center;"><b> ———> Na</b></span><span class="s2" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 18px; text-align: center;"><b>C</b></span><span class="s2" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><sub>6</sub></b></span><span class="s1" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 18px; text-align: center;"><b>H</b></span><span class="s2" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><sub>5</sub></b></span><span class="s1" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 18px; text-align: center;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><sub>7</sub></b></span><span class="s1" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 18px; text-align: center;"><b> + 3H</b></span><span class="s2" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 18px; text-align: center;"><b>O + 3CO</b></span><span class="s2" face="" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: inherit;">For more reaction details check my previous blog.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.chemistryworks.net/2012/03/naphthalene-balls-dancing.html" style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">https://www.chemistryworks.net/2012/03/naphthalene-balls-dancing.html</span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: inherit;">Subscribe for more videos.👇🏻</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><font><span style="color: #38761d;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/SmartScienceKid">https://www.youtube.com/c/SmartScienceKid</a></span></font></b></div></div>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-89466546779075848232020-08-06T15:43:00.006-07:002020-08-06T15:46:13.248-07:00Elephant toothpaste<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mUCDoODQVfY" width="320" youtube-src-id="mUCDoODQVfY"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">This video describes how to make a elephant toothpaste.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">You will need,</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Soda bottle</li><li>1/2 cup hydrogen peroxide ( we used 3% )</li><li>1 tablespoon yeast</li><li>3 tablespoon warm water</li><li>Liquid dish soap</li><li>Food color ( optional )</li><li>Safety goggles </li><li>Do with adult help</li></ul><div><b>Reaction:</b></div><div><b> </b> Elephant toothpaste is a foamy substance caused by the rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide using yeast and warm water. The yeast acted as a catalyst , a catalyst is used to speed up a reaction. Yeast broke down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. It created lots and lots of bubbles. If you touch the bottle it will be warm because of exothermic reaction. Exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy through heat or light.</div><div><br /></div><div><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> </b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>2H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> ———> 2H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O + O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>How rapidly the reaction proceeds will depend on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide.</sub></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub><i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Caution:</b></span></i></sub></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub><i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Hydrogen peroxide can irritate skin and eyes.And be sure to wear safety goggles. Please do with adult help.</b></span></i></sub></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub><i><br /></i></sub></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: inherit;"> Subscribe for more videos. 👇🏻</span></b></p><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b style="text-align: center;"><font color="#38761d"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/SmartScienceKid"><span style="color: #38761d;">https://www.youtube.com/c/SmartScienceKid</span></a></font></b></p><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub><i><br /></i></sub></span></p></div></div>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-28192045268305209612020-08-06T15:15:00.002-07:002020-08-06T15:45:19.891-07:00How to inflate balloon with baking soda and vinegar<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ufnpDpAVKSk" width="320" youtube-src-id="ufnpDpAVKSk"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">This video describes how to inflate a balloon with baking soda and vinegar. You will need baking soda, vinegar, soda bottle, and balloon.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>Reaction :</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b> </b>When the vinegar ( acetic acid ) contact with the baking soda ( carbonate ) a chemical reaction takes place, creating carbon dioxide gas. This carbon dioxide gas inflate the balloon. 🎈 </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> NaHCO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 10.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> + CH</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 10.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>COOH ———> CH</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 10.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>COONa + H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 10.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O + CO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 10.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 10.7px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub> </sub></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: inherit;"> Subscribe for more videos.👇🏻</span></b></p><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b style="text-align: center;"><font color="#38761d"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/SmartScienceKid" style="text-align: center;">https://www.youtube.com/c/SmartScienceKid</a></font></b></p></div>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-3877018151883644152020-07-26T18:10:00.007-07:002020-08-04T21:07:08.620-07:00Phases of Matter<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Dfe9Hhk2OwE" width="320" youtube-src-id="Dfe9Hhk2OwE"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">This video describes phases of matter. You will learn about melting, freezing, evaporations, and condensation. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>For more reaction details check my previous blog.👇🏻</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://www.chemistryworks.net/2013/11/inter-conversion-of-solid-liquid-and-gas.html"><font color="#38761d">https://www.chemistryworks.net/2013/11/inter-conversion-of-solid-liquid-and-gas.html</font></a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><font color="#990000"> subscribe for more videos. 👇🏻</font></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/SmartScienceKid"><b><font color="#38761d">https://www.youtube.com/c/SmartScienceKid</font></b></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-50193560629193251412020-07-26T18:04:00.007-07:002020-08-04T21:07:29.455-07:00States of Matter ( solid, liquid, gas )<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MoJRrh_0PbE" width="320" youtube-src-id="MoJRrh_0PbE"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i>This video describes about states of matter ( solid, liquid, gas ). You will learn about solid, liquid and gas. And also examples of solid, liquid and gas. </i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i><br /></i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>For more reaction details check my previous blog.👇🏻</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.chemistryworks.net/2013/11/states-of-matter.html"><font color="#38761d">https://www.chemistryworks.net/2013/11/states-of-matter.html</font></a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><font color="#990000">Subscribes for more videos. 👇🏻</font></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/SmartScienceKid" style="text-align: left;"><b><font color="#38761d">https://www.youtube.com/c/SmartScienceKid</font></b></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white;"><br /></b></div>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-77577799606577789422020-07-26T17:55:00.002-07:002020-08-04T20:47:23.970-07:00Color changing cabbage<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/R-s9eF8xplw" width="320" youtube-src-id="R-s9eF8xplw"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i>This video describes about the color changing cabbage. You will need bowl, water, lemon water, sugar water, detergent, vinegar, red cabbage solution and baking soda. You can easily identify which of the household items are acid or base.</i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">This is the great way to introduce the acid and base concept to kids. Red cabbage contains a chemical called anthocyanin that changes color depending on the acidity of its environment. The color of the juice changes is response to changes in its hydrogen ion concentration. pH scale describes the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">pH 7 means the solution is neutral. Neutral solution turn the indicator purple.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">pH less than 7 means the solution is acidic. Acidic solution turn the indicator reddish- pink.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">pH greater than 7 means the solution is basic. Basic solution turn the indicator bluish-green or yellow.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>Subscribe for more videos.👇🏻</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/SmartScienceKid" style="text-align: left;"><b><font color="#38761d">https://www.youtube.com/c/SmartScienceKid</font></b></a></div>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-58764487692746438852020-07-21T15:32:00.003-07:002020-08-04T20:50:15.018-07:00Bouncy Egg<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/--BPWNbZc4E" width="320" youtube-src-id="--BPWNbZc4E"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i><font color="#ff0000"><br /></font></i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i><font color="#ff0000">This video describes how to make a bouncy egg. You will need jar, vinegar and egg. After 48 hours later you can get a bouncy egg.</font></i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i><font color="#ff0000"><br /></font></i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i><font color="#ff0000"><br /></font></i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i>Bouncy Egg: </i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>When you place the egg into the vinegar, you can see bubbles on the surface. These bubbles are a chemical reaction between acetic acid ( vinegar ) and calcium carbonate ( egg shell ). When an acid and base mix they form carbon dioxide gas. This reaction creates carbon dioxide gas and breaks down the egg shell in the process.</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: start;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 17px;"><b> 2CH</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 17px;"><b>COOH + CaCO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 17px;"><b> ———> Ca(CH</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 17px;"><b>COO)</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 17px;"><b> + H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 11.3px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-kerning: none; font-size: 17px;"><b>O + CO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub><font face="" style="font-size: 11.3px;">2 </font></sub></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: start;"><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub><font face="inherit" size="3"><br /></font></sub></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: start;"><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub><font face="inherit" size="3">Why ?</font></sub></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: start;"><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub><font face="inherit" size="3"> You can also observe that the egg gets large as it sits in the vinegar. Because of Osmosis. In some of the water in the vinegar solution and it travelled through egg membrane and it equalizes the concentration of water on both the sides of the membrane </font></sub></b><b><sub><font face="inherit" size="3">. So the water flow through semipermeable membrane is called<i> Osmosis</i>.</font></sub></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: start;"><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub><font face="inherit" size="3"><br /></font></sub></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: start;"><b><font color="#990000">Subscribe for more videos.👇🏻</font></b></p><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: start;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/SmartScienceKid"><b><font color="#38761d">https://www.youtube.com/c/SmartScienceKid</font></b></a></p></div>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-52215521689276315782020-07-21T15:25:00.004-07:002020-08-04T20:51:59.310-07:00Difference between backing soda and baking powder<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/K84CjQtZkyc" width="320" youtube-src-id="K84CjQtZkyc"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i><font color="#351c75">This video describes difference between baking soda and baking powder. You will need two bowl, baking soda, baking powder and water.</font></i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i><font color="#351c75"><br /></font></i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><font color="#351c75"><i>Baking Soda Vs Baking Powder: </i> Baking soda is pure sodium bicarbonate, which requires acid and liquids like yogurt, buttermilk etc.. It activated chemical reaction produces bubbles of carbon dioxide and help baked good rise.</font></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><font color="#351c75"><br /></font></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><font color="#351c75">Baking powder includes sodium bicarbonate as well as an acid. It only need a liquid to become activated so you must bake recipes that include this product immediately after mixing.</font></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><font color="#351c75"><br /></font></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><font color="#990000">Subscribe for more video.👇🏻</font></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/SmartScienceKid"><b><font color="#38761d">https://www.youtube.com/c/SmartScienceKid</font></b></a></div>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2548874141301942409.post-74996301578711046792020-07-21T15:20:00.003-07:002020-08-04T20:54:25.494-07:00Baking soda and Lemon Water Reaction<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wluxOVJTWcU" width="320" youtube-src-id="wluxOVJTWcU"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i><font color="#660000">This video describes how baking soda react with lemon water. You will need baking soda, bowl of water and bowel of lemon juice.</font></i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i><font color="#660000"><br /></font></i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i><font color="#660000"><br /></font></i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i><font color="#660000">Lemon - Baking soda Reaction: When the lemon juice (citric acid ) contact with the baking soda ( carbonate ) a chemical reaction took place, creating carbon dioxide gas. As you know, carbon dioxide is the same gas that is added to the sodas to give their fizz.</font></i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i><font color="#660000"><br /></font></i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i><font color="#660000"><br /></font></i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: start;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> </b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>3NaHCO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3 </sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>+ C</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>6</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>8</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>7</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> ———> Na</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>3</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>C</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>6</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>5</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>7</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b> + 3H</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b>O + 3CO</b></span><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2</sub></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: start;"><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub><br /></sub></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: start;"><b><font color="#990000">Subscribe for more videos. 👇🏻</font></b></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: start;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/SmartScienceKid"><b><font color="#38761d">https://www.youtube.com/c/SmartScienceKid</font></b></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: start;"><b><br /></b></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: 10px;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: 10px;"><b><br /></b></span></p></div>Silviyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17107868652671116032noreply@blogger.com0