Extraction of Metals

                  The concentrated ores are still in their original oxides, sulphide or halides forms. To obtain pure metals from these chemicals, it is better convert the metal compounds into oxides. Oxides of metals can be reduced easily and pure metal can be obtained. Therefore the two main steps of extraction of metals are,

1. Conversion of ores into oxides
2. Reduction of metal oxides

Conversion of ores into oxides:

• Roasting 
• Calcination 

Reduction of metal oxides:

• Smelting
• Reduction by carbon
• Reduction by hydrogen
• Reduction by metal

Metals and their ores and chemical formula

 

Minerals and Ores

 Minerals:

             A mineral is a solid chemical compound that occurs naturally in pure form. Which contains the metal in free state or in the form of compounds like oxides, sulphides, halides, carbonates......etc.

Ores :

         Ores are mineral from which metal are extracted conveniently and profitably. these ores contains good percentage of metal. hence all ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores.

General characteristics of p-block elements

 General characteristics:

* Electronic configuration:

                     The general electronic configuration of p-block elements is ns² np^1-6 . The general electronic configuration of helium is  1s² .

                        Group 13    ns² np¹                        

                        Group 14    ns² np²                       

                        Group 15    ns² np³                       

                        Group 16    ns² np⁴                      

                        Group 17    ns² np⁵                        

                        Group 18    ns² np^{6    ( except helium )}

* Metallic character :

• The non-metallic character of elements decreases down the group.
• In general nonmetals have higher ionisation energy and higher electronegativity than metal.
• Most of them form covalent compounds.
• Most of the elements show negative ( except some metals ) as well as positive oxidation states ( except fluorine ).

Dancing naphthalene ball

This video describes naphthalene balls dancing.

You will need,

• Citric juice ( lemon juice )
• Baking soda
• Water 
• Beaker
• Naphthalene balls

Reaction:

       Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate ) reacts with lemon juice ( citric acid ) chemical reaction takes place, carbon dioxide gas evolved. The carbon dioxide gas form on the surface of a naphthalene ball, it rises to the surface. This will provide the dancing effect.

              

                       3NaHCO₃ + C₆H₈O₇ ———> Na₃C₆H₅O₇ + 3H₂O + 3CO₂

For more reaction details check my previous blog.

https://www.chemistryworks.net/2012/03/naphthalene-balls-dancing.html

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Elephant toothpaste

This video describes how to make a elephant toothpaste.

You will need,

• Soda bottle
• 1/2 cup hydrogen peroxide ( we used 3% )
• 1 tablespoon yeast
• 3 tablespoon warm water
• Liquid dish soap
• Food color ( optional )
• Safety goggles 
• Do with adult help

Reaction:

        Elephant toothpaste is a foamy substance caused by the rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide using yeast and warm water. The yeast acted as a catalyst , a catalyst is used to speed up a reaction. Yeast broke down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. It created lots and lots of bubbles. If you touch the bottle it will be warm because of exothermic reaction. Exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy through heat or light.

                     2H₂O₂ ———> 2H₂O + O₂

_{How rapidly the reaction proceeds will depend on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide.}

_Caution:

_{Hydrogen peroxide can irritate skin and eyes.And be sure to wear safety goggles. Please do with adult help.}

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How to inflate balloon with baking soda and vinegar

This video describes how to inflate a balloon with baking soda and vinegar. You will need baking soda, vinegar, soda bottle, and balloon.

Reaction :

       When the vinegar ( acetic acid ) contact with the baking soda ( carbonate ) a chemical reaction takes place, creating carbon dioxide gas. This carbon dioxide gas inflate the balloon. 🎈 

                   NaHCO₃ + CH₃COOH ———> CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂

  

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